Alumni

The following links provide more information about our graduate programs:

• PhD in Logic, Computation, and Methodology
• MS in Logic, Computation, and Methodology
• MA in Philosophy
  

PhD in Logic, Computation, and Methodology

• Stephen Fancsali
  Thesis: Constructing Variables that Support Causal Inference
  Date of degree: May 2013
  Advisors: David Danks & Richard Scheines
  First position: Research scientist, Carnegie Learning
   
• Sicun Gao
  Thesis: Computable Analysis, Hybrid Automata, and Decision Procedures: a New Framework for the Formal Verification of Cyber-Physical Systems
  Date of degree: December 2012
  Advisors: Edmund M. Clarke and Jeremy Avigad
  First position: Postdoctoral Researcher, Computer Science Department, CMU.
   
• Arthur Paul Pedersen
  Thesis: Archimedes Wake
  Date of degree: December 2012
  Advisors: Teddy Seidenfeld and Kevin Zollman
  First position: Postdoctoral Researcher, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Adaptive Rationality
   
• Conor Mayo-Wilson
  Thesis: Combining Causal Theories and Dividing Scientific Labor
  Date of degree:
  Advisors: David Danks
  First position: Assistant Professor, Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy
   
• Ruth Poproski
  Thesis: Modelling Conversation: The Role of Common Interest, Speaker Competence and Relevance in Gricean Pragmatics
  Date of degree: August 2012
  Advisors: Mandy Simons and Kevin Zollman
  First position: Research Associate and Assistant Coordinator of Graduate Programs, Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence, Carnegie Mellon University
   
• Benjamin Jantzen
  Thesis: How Symmetry Undid the Particle: A Demonstration of the Incompatibility of Particle Interpretations and Permutation Invariance
  Date of degree: December 2010
  Advisor: Mara Harrell
  First position: Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Virginia Tech
   
• David Gray
  Thesis: Republics of Commitments: Pluralism from the Individual to the Liberal State
  Date of degree: August 2010
  Advisor: Alex London
  First position: Assistant Teaching Professor of Philosophy, CMU-Qatar
   
• Yimu Yin
  Thesis: Sets, models, and valued fields
  Date of degree: August 2008
  Advisor: Jeremy Avigad
  First position: Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh
   
• Michael Warren
  Thesis: Homotopy theoretic aspects of constructive type theory
  Date of degree: August 2008
  Advisor: Steve Awodey
  First position: Fields Institute postdoctoral position, Department of Mathematics, University of Ottawa
   
• Henrik Forssell
  Thesis: First-Order Logical Duality
  Date of degree: February 2008
  Advisors: Steve Awodey
  First position: Postdoctoral Fellow, Eduard Cech Center for Mathematical Research, Brno, Cech Republic
  Current position: Research Fellow, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo
   
• Frederick Eberhardt
  Thesis: Causation and Intervention
  Date of degree: August 2007
  Advisors: Richard Scheines and Clark Glymour
  MS thesis: Experimental Complexity in Causal Discovery (Masters in Knowledge Discovery and Datamining in the Machine Learning Department, September, 2005)
  First position: James S. McDonnell Postdoctoral Position, Institute of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of California, Berkeley
  Second position: Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Washington University in St. Louis
  Current position: Professor of Philosophy, California Institute of Technology
   
• Giacomo Sillari
  Thesis: Convention, Awareness and Games
  Date of degree: August 2007
  Advisors: Cristina Bicchieri and Horacio Arlo Costa
  MS thesis: Philosophical and Logical Aspects of Interactive Epistemology (December 2002)
  First position: Postdoctoral Fellow, Program in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, University of Pennsylvania
  Current position: Postdoctoral Fellow, Program in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, University of Pennsylvania
   
• Jiji Zhang
  Thesis: Causal inference and reasoning in causally insufficient systems
  Date of degree: August 2006
  Advisors: Peter Spirtes and Clark Glymour
  MS thesis: Consistency in Causal Inference Under a Variety of Assumptions (December, 2002)
  First position: Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, California Institute of Technology
  Current position: Assistant Professor, Philosophy, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
   
• John Mumma
  Thesis: Intuition formalized: ancient and modern methods of proof in elementary geometry
  Date of degree: May 2006
  Advisor: Dana Scott
  MS thesis: Three Modern Axiomatizations of the Euclidean Plane (May 2002)
  First position: Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University
  Current position: Postdoctoral Research fellow, Philosophy, Stanford University
   
• Dirk Schlimm
  Thesis: Axiomatics as engine for driving discovery in mathematics and science
  Date of degree: May 2005
  Advisor: Clark Glymour
  MS thesis: Richard Dedekind: Axiomatic Foundations of Mathematics (December, 1999, advisor: Wilfried Sieg)
  First position: Course Lecturer, McGill University, Department of Philosophy
  Current position: Assistant Professor, McGill University, Department of Philosophy
   
• Tianjiao Chu
  Thesis: Learning from SAGE data
  Date of degree: May 2003
  Advisors: Peter Spirtes and Clark Glymour
  First position: Researcher, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
  Current position: Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
   
• Jeffrey Helzner
  Thesis: Relaxing ordering assumptions in additive conjoint measurement
  Date of degree: May 2003
  Advisor: Teddy Seidenfeld
  MS thesis: A Categorical Approach to First Order Modal Logic (May 2001, advisor: Steve Awodey)
  First position: Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Columbia University
  Current position: Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Columbia University
   
• Mark Ravaglia
  Thesis: Explicating the finitist standpoint
  Date of degree: May 2003
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  MS thesis: Toward an Understanding of Hilbert and Bernay's Finitary Standpoint (May, 1997)
  First position: faculty, Hawaiian Preparatory Academy
  Current position: faculty, Hawaiian Preparatory Academy
   
• Jesse Hughes
  Thesis: A study of algebras and Coalgebras
  Date of degree: May 2001
  Advisors: Steve Awodey and Dana Scott
  MS thesis: Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems in Two Fragments of Set Theory (May, 1996)
  First position: postdoctoral research position in CS at University of Nijmegen, Holland, then Lecturer at University of Eindhoven, Holland
   
• Barbara Kauffmann
  Thesis: Application of proof theory to computational complexity: comparison of different methods
  Date of degree: December 2000
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  MS thesis: Unification For Quantified Formulae (May, 1993)
  First position: Adjunct Lecturer, Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Philosophy
   
• Alberto Momigliano
  Thesis: Elimination of negation in a logical framework
  Date of degree: December 2000
  Advisor: Frank Pfenning
  MS thesis: Some Remarks on Uniform Proofs and Constructive Negation (May, 1993)
  Current position: Research Fellow, Department of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh
   
• John Byrnes
  Thesis: Proof search and normal forms in natural deduction
  Date of degree: May 1999
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  MS thesis: Notions of Computation (May, 1993)
  Positions held: Research Associate, Laboratory for Symbolic and Educational Computing, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University; Research Scientist, Kromos Technology; Lead Scientist, Fair Isaac Corporation
  Current position: Senior Computer Scientist, SRI (Stanford Research Institute)
 
• Oliver Schulte
  Thesis: Hard choices in scientific inquiry
  Date of degree: August 1997
  Advisor: Kevin Kelly
  MS thesis: The Computable Testability of Uncomputable Theories (May, 1994)
  First position: Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Alberta
  Current position: Associate Professor, School of Computer Science and Department of Philosophy, Simon Fraser University
   
• Christopher Meek
  Thesis: Selecting graphical models: causal and statistical modeling
  Date of degree: August 1996
  Advisors: Peter Spirtes and Clark Glymour
  MS thesis: Classifying and Updating with Bayesian Networks (May, 1993)
  First position: Researcher, Machine Learning and Applied Statistics, Microsoft Research
  Current position: Principal Researcher, Machine Learning and Applied Statistics, Microsoft Research
   
• Thomas Richardson
  Thesis: Feedback models: interpretation and discovery
  Date of degree: August 1996
  Advisors: Peter Spirtes and Clark Glymour
  MS thesis: Feedback Models: Interpretation and Discovery (December, 1995)
  First position: Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Washington
  Current position: Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Washington
   

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MS in Logic and Computation

• Ruben Sanchez-Romero
  Thesis: Formation of Variables for Brain Connectivity
  Date of degree: August 2012
  Advisor: Clark Glymour and Joseph Ramsey
  First position: Research Associate, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon
   
• Ivan Verano
  Thesis: Three Essays on Knowledge, Logic and Decision
  Date of degree: May 2012
  Advisor: Clark Glymour and Richard Scheines
  First position: Teaching Assistant, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon
   
• Patrick Beukema
  Thesis: Causal inference with a recurrent neural network
  Date of degree: August 2011
  Advisor: David Danks
  First position:
   
• David Carper
  Thesis:
  Date of degree: 2011
  Advisor: Steve Awodey
  First position: PhD program in Classics, Yale University
   
• Hans-Christoph Kotzsch
  Thesis:
  Date of degree: 2011
  Advisor: Steve Awodey
  First position: PhD program, Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
   
• Erich Kummerfeld
  Thesis: Causal dynamism and causal epistemology: A tale of cars and fish
  Date of degree: August 2011
  Advisor: David Danks
  First position: Ph.D. program in Logic, Computation, & Methodology at CMU
   
• David Rose
  Thesis: Against the standard view of actual causation
  Date of degree: August 2011
  Advisor: David Danks
  First position: Ph.D. program in Philosophy, Rutgers University
   
• Karin Howe
  Thesis: Scalar Implicature in the Antecedent of Conditionals
  Date of degree: December 2010
  Advisor: Mandy Simons
  First position: Ph.D. program in Philosophy, SUNY-Binghamton
   
• Nathan Lubchenco
  Thesis: Using Empirical Data of Kiva Microfinance Loans to Inform Principles of Distribution
  Date of degree: December 2010
  Advisor: Nicole Hassoun
  First position: Research assistant, University of Colorado
   
• Reza Mahmoodshahi
  Thesis: Small Worlds and State Dependent Utility
  Date of degree: December 2010
  Advisor: Teddy Seidenfeld
  First position: Law School
   
• James Tremblay
  Thesis: On the Intricate Relationship Between Working Memory and Attention
  Date of degree: August 2010
  Advisor: Clark Glymour
  First position: English teacher, South Korea
   
• Michael Freenor
  Thesis: Scalar Implicature in Discourse Representation Theory
  Date of degree: August 2009
  Advisor: Mandy Simons
  First position: Research Programmer, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University
   
• Alex Smith
  Thesis: Kernel, Cumulative and Safe Contractions
  Date of degree: August 2009
  Advisor: Horacio Arlo-Costa
  First position: Developer, HUGE design company
   
• Arthur Tu
  Thesis: When What-If’s Change the Way We Think: The Non-Uniform Effect of Statistical Frequency on Folk Judgment of Actual Causation
  Date of degree: August 2009
  Advisor: Peter Spirtes
  First position: Research assistant, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
   
• Mark Whitehouse
  Thesis: Brains and Edge Probabilities
  Date of degree: August 2009
  Advisor: Clark Glymour
  First position: President/Owner, NA Science
   
• Daniel Malkiel
  Thesis: Bandit Problems in Professional Sports
  Date of degree: May 2009
  Advisor: David Danks
  First position: Intern, Baseball Prospectus
   
• Savitar Sundaresan
  Thesis: Blame it on My Equilibrium: Insurance Contact Valuation
  Date of degree: May 2009
  Advisor: Teddy Seidenfeld
  First position: Trader, Life Finance Desk, Credit Suisse Life Finance Group
   
• Nick Radcliffe
  Thesis: On the Orbits of Finite State Transducers
  Date of degree: August 2008
  Advisor: Klaus Sutner
  First position: Research Assistant, Computer Science, University of Houston
   
• Lindsay Spriggs
  Thesis: A New Semantics for Belief in Security Protocols
  Date of degree: December 2007
  Advisor: Horacio Arlo Costa
  First position: Research Scientist, MITRE Corporation
   
• Tim Grinsell
  Thesis: Russian Aspect without Traditional Aspectual Notions
  Date of degree: August 2007
  Advisor: Mandy Simons
  First position: Law School, Duke University
   
• Steve Kieffer
  Thesis: A Language for Mathematical Knowledge Management
  Date of degree: August 2007
  Advisor: Jeremy Avigad
  First position: PhD program in Mathematics, Simon Fraser University
   
• William Nichols
  Thesis: Causal Reasoning and Decision Making: An Empirical Approach
  Date of degree: August 2007
  Advisor: David Danks
  First position: Analysis Practice Consultant, Management Concepts Inc.
  Current position: Operations Analyst, Office of Planning, FDA
   
• Tyler Gibson
  Thesis: Proof Search in First-Order Logic With Equality
  Date of degree: Decmember 2006
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  First position: Research Associate, Laboratory of Symbolic and Educational Computing, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University
   
• Trevor Tompkins
  Thesis: Efficient fuel, Tetra-ethyl Lead, and Lead Toxicity
  Date of degree: August 2007
  Advisor: Clark Glymour
   
• Kevin Jarrett
  Thesis: Fine-Grained Selective Communication and the Hippocampus
  Date of degree: August 2006
  Advisor: David Danks
  First position: PhD program, Computational Biology and Center for Neural Science, NYU
   
• Mikel Negugogor
  Thesis: The Constitutive Role of Reasons in Action
  Date of degree: August 2006
  Advisor: Horacio Arlo Costa
  First position: PhD program in Philosophy, CUNY
   
• Huichun (Joy) Zhu
  Thesis: Effects of Category Application on Category Learning
  Date of degree: 2006
  Advisor: David Danks
  First position: PhD program in Psychology, Lehigh
   
• Ramyaa
  Thesis: Proof Search For Provability Logic
  Date of degree: August 2005
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  First position: PhD program in Computer Science, Indiana University
   
• Jim Soto
  Thesis: Poverty of Stimulus Arguments in Language Acquisition
  Date of degree: August 2005
  Advisor: Mandy Simons
  First position: Professor of English and Philosophy, CCAC
   
• David (Disco) Gerdes
  Thesis: Command Structure Identification from Communication Logs
  Date of degree: 2005
  Advisor: Clark Glymour
  First position: Researcher, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
   
• Nicholas Hoffman
  Thesis: Preference Formation in Games of Complete and Incomplete Information
  Date of degree: May 2005
  Advisor: Peter Vanderschraaf
  First position: US Navy
   
• Carlos Fasola
  Thesis: The Logical Form of Action Sentences with 'With'
  Date of degree: August 2004
  Advisor: Mandy Simons
  First position: PhD program in Linguistics, Rutgers University
   
• Joanna Tamburino
  Thesis: Emotional Learning: How we Implicitly Learn to Feel
  Date of degree: August 2004
  Advisor: David Danks
  First position: PhD program in Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania
   
• Adam Kramer
  Thesis: An Analysis of the Causes of Learning Outcomes in Online Education
  Date of degree: May 2004
  Advisor: Richard Scheines
  First position: PhD program in Social & Personality Psychology, Oregon
   
• Stephen Douglas White
  Thesis: Axiomatics, Methodology, and Dedekind's Theory of Ideals
  Date of degree: May 2004
  Advisor: Jeremy Avigad
  First position: Project Director, Northwest Tribal Registry
   
• Jessi Berkelhammer
  Thesis: From Reducibility to Extensionality: the Two Editions of Principia Mathematica
  Date of degree: September 2003
  Advisor: Jeremy Avigad
  First position: Researcher, Department of Computer Science, Universität des Saarlandes (Saarbrücken)
   
• Keith Douglas
  Thesis: Super-Turing Computation: A Case Study Analysis
  Date of degree: January 2003
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
   
• William Taysom
  Thesis: Kratzer Semantics and Filters
  Date of degree: 2003
  Advisor: Horacio Arlo Costa
  First position: Researcher, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
   
• Orlin Vakarelov
  Thesis: Accessible Domains from a Category Theoretic Perspective
  Date of degree: 2003
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  First position: PhD program in Philosophy, University of Arizona
   
• Sarah Eisenhart
  Thesis: Implementing the Model Generation Calculus: Predicted Interpretations and Actual Intuition
  Date of degree: September 2003
  Advisor: Mandy Simons
   
• Erica Lucast
  Thesis: A New Case for Proof in Mathematics Curricula
  Date of degree: December 2002
  Advisor: Jeremy Avigad
  First position: PhD Program in Philosophy, University of Michigan
   
• Dan Handley
  Thesis: Evaluating Machine Learning Algorithms Used to Infer Gene Regulatory Network Structure
  Date of degree: November 2002
  Advisors: Clark Glymour and Peter Spirtes
  First position: PhD program in Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh
   
• Shane Harwood
  Thesis: Learning Causal Structure with Genetic Algorithms
  Date of degree: August 2002
  Advisor: Richard Scheines
   
• Shrisha Rao
  Thesis: Consensus and Common Knowledge
  Date of degree: May 2002
  Advisor: Horacio Arlo Costa
  First position: PhD program in Computer Science, University of Iowa
   
• Davin Lafon
  Thesis: The Structure of Metaspaces: Emprical Evidence from Logic Tasks
  Date of degree: May 2001
  Advisor: Herbert Simon and Richard Scheines
  First position: Research Associate, Laboratory of Symbolic and Educational Computing, Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University
   
• Nicola DePisapia
  Thesis: Gandy Machines: An Abstract Model of Parallel Computation for Turing Machines, the Game of Life, and Artificial Neural Networks
  Date of degree: August 1999
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  First position: PhD program in Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh
   
• Hyunchul Kim
  Thesis: Global Pattern Matching for Cognitively Faithful Proof Generation by an Automated Theorem Prover
  Date of degree: August 1999
  Advisor: Herbert Simon
   
• Lillian Lovich
  Thesis: Chinese Rooms, Robots, and Understanding
  Date of degree: August 1999
  Advisor: Teddy Seidenfeld
   
• Mark Shipman
  Thesis: An Optimization to the Naïve Classifier for Text Documents
  Date of degree: May 1999
  Advisor: Teddy Seidenfeld
   
• Colleen Baker
  Thesis: Cooperation as the Norm: Social Dilemmas and the Role of Social Norms in Promoting Cooperation
  Date of degree: August 1998
  Advisor: Cristina Bicchieri
   
• Kevin Grobman
  Thesis:
  Date of degree: August 1998
  Advisor:
   
• Richard Romanowski
  Thesis:
  Date of degree: December 1997
  Advisor: Richard Scheines
   
• Christian Skalka
  Thesis: Some Decision Problems for ML
  Date of degree: May 1997
  Advisor: Frank Pfenning
  First position: PhD program in Computer Science, Johns Hopkins
   
• Susan Colvin
  Thesis: Intelligent Machinery: Turing's Ideas and their Relation to the Work of Newell and Simon
  Date of degree: May 1997
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
   
• Gianluca Magnani
  Thesis: Visual Representation and Scientific Discovery: The Historical Case of the Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction
  Date of degree: December 1996
  Advisor: Herbert Simon
   
• Martha Lacey
  Thesis: Choice in Intransitive Contexts
  Date of degree: May 1996
  Advisor: Teddy Seidenfeld
   
• Jeffrey Schanding
  Thesis:
  Date of degree: May 1996
  Advisor:
   
• Raymond Pelletier
  Thesis: The Goal Driven Production System Tertl and its Abstract Machine
  Date of degree: December 1995
  Advisor:
   
• André Beskrowni
  Thesis:
  Date of degree: May 1995
  Advisor:
   
• Stuart Eisenstadt
  Thesis: Prologomena to a Theory of Intentionality for Physical Symbolic Systems
  Date of degree: May 1995
  Advisor: Herbert Simon
   
• Carsten Schürmann
  Thesis: A Computational Metalogic for the Horn Fragment of LF
  Date of degree: May 1995
  Advisor: Frank Pfenning
  First position: PhD program in Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University
   
• Timothy Herron
  Thesis: A Commentary on the First Three Sections of Gaifman and Snir's 1982 JSL Paper Concerning Probabilities Defined on a First Order Empirical Language
  Date of degree: May 1995
  Advisor: Teddy Seidenfeld
  First position: Research Scientist, Kromos Technology
   
• Mario Chiari
  Thesis: A Note on the Herbrand Analysis of Bounded Arithmetic
  Date of degree: May 1993
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
   
• Craig Lovell
  Thesis: Goal-Directed Proof Search in the Sequent Calculus
  Date of degree: May 1994
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  First position: Mitre Corporation
   
• Michael Mecca
  Thesis: Tempo Following Behavior in Musical Accompaniment
  Date of degree: May 1993
  Advisors: Roger B. Dannenberg and Herbert A. Simon
   
• Saverio Cittadini
  Thesis: Intercalation Calculus for Intuitionistic Propositional Logic
  Date of degree: May 1991
  Advisor: Wilfried Sieg
  First position: PhD program in Mathematics, University of Sienna
   

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MA in Philosophy

• Jayna Bonfini
  Thesis: Bottomed Out: Grounding Activities in Causal Perception
  Date of degree: May 2010
  Advisor: David Danks
   
• Jia Wei
  Thesis: Neighborhood Semantics and First-Order Modal Logic
  Date of degree: May 2009
  Advisor: Alex London
  First Position: Ph.D. program, Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh
   
• Ameh Ejeh
  Thesis: Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers and the Internet: The question of the Digital Divide
  Date of degree: December 2008
  Advisor: Peter Madsen
  First Position: Catholic Priest
   
• David Gilbert
  Thesis: Neighborhood Semantics and First-Order Modal Logic
  Date of degree: August 2008
  Advisor: Horacio Arlo-Costa
  First Position: Ph.D. Program, Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand
   
• Chris Punj
  Thesis: Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Life Saving Medicines
  Date of degree: May 2007
  Advisor: Alex London
   
• Leslie Jumper
  Thesis: Where the Real World Ends and the Laboratory Begins: The Effects of Perceptions of Wage and Fortune on Decision-Making
  Date of degree: August 2004
  Advisor: Cristina Bicchieri
   
• Sarah Winter
  Thesis: Ethics of Less-Lethal Weaponry
  Date of degree: 2003
  Advisor: Preston Covey
  First position: US Military
   
• Dan McLaughlin
  Thesis: Three Claims of Transformative Mediation
  Date of degree: May 2002
  Advisor: Alex John London
  First position: teaching in Yemen, and then Georgetown Law School
   
• Andrew Thompson
  Thesis: Measure Twice, Cut Once: Process, Performance, and Risk in Workmanship
  Date of degree: May 2000
  Advisor: Preston Covey
  First position: work in multimedia, and then high quality furniture design
   
• Leigh Bregman
  Thesis: Cortical Localization and the Self, The Relation Between Nineteenth Century British Neurology and Psychology
  Date of degree: May 1999
  Advisor: Clark Glymour
   
• Norman Bier
  Thesis: The Role of Affect and Multimedia in Ethics Case Studies
  Date of degree: May 1999
  Advisor:
   
• William Wood
  Thesis: Where Narratives End
  Date of degree: May 1996
  Advisor: David Carrier
  First position: CIA
   

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